Risks

Symptoms

Contributing Factors

Treatment

Precautions

Frostbite

- Numbness
- Central whiteness surrounded by a reddened area

- Windchill
- Skin exposure
- Dampness

- Affected areas need to be re-warmed, but should not be vigorously rubbed
- Follow up with physician is advised if symptoms continue

- Awareness of windchill
- Minimize skin exposure with gloves, hats and creams
- Minimize duration of exposure

Hypothermia

- Ataxia
- Drowsiness
- Poor judgement
- Blurred vision
- Numbness
- Decreased shivering

- Prolonged exposure
- Inactivity
- Improper and inadequate dress
- Dampness
- Isolation

Depends upon severity: Mild
- Seek warm shelter
- Change to dry clothing Moderate to severe:
- Seek medical treatment
- Do not exercise, it may induce ventricular fibrillation

Depends upon severity: Mild
- Seek warm shelter
- Change to dry clothing Moderate to severe:
- Seek medical treatment
- Do not exercise, it may induce ventricular fibrillation

Exercise-induced broncho- spasm

- Dyspnea out of proportion
- Cough/wheeze during or after exercise
- Excessive mucous formation
- Impaired performance
- Chest tightness
- Congestion, pain

- Dry air
- Increased mouth breathing
- Deconditioning (lower ventillatory threshold)
- History of asthma, allergies or eczema

- For some, vigorous warm-up 1/2 hr. prior to competition
- Pharmacological: ß2-Agonists, Cromolyn Na and Nedrocromil Na, Corticosteroids, Theophylline, Ipratropium Bromide
- MDI spacer increases lung deposition of drug

- Use facemask in extreme cold
- Use prescribed medication
- Use respirators in wax room or during boat repair
- In some cases, avoid exercise in extreme cold

DEHYDRATION

- Fatigue
- Headache
- Reduced, no urine production
- Elevated heart rate, lightheadedness
- Dry mouth ? Muscle cramps

- Overdressed leading to increased sweat loss
- Voluntary fluid deprivation
- Fluids inaccessible
- Diuresis

- ehydrate with fluids containing electrolytes (sports drinks) to help replace minerals, stimulate thirst, and retain fluids
- Rest

- Dress in layers to allow for proper temperature regulation
- Plan fluid breaks and fluid stations
- Avoid caffeine, alcohol and other diuretics